In a particular embodiment of any of the above methods, the subject has a cluster headache disorder that is refractory to one or more prophylactic therapies. For example, the cluster headache disorder can be refractory to treatment using corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone, prednisone, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone, bethamethasone, and dexamethasone, among other corticosteroids); tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, amoxapine, clomipramine, desipramine, dothiepin, doxepin, imipramine, lofepramine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine, nortriptyline, octriptyline, oxaprotiline, protriptyline, and trimipramine, among other tricyclic antidepressants); calcium channel blockers (nifedipine, amlodipine, felodipine, flunarizine, isradipine, nicardipine, diltiazem, verapamil, and bepridil, among other calcium channel blockers); beta blockers (e.g., propanolol, nadolol, timolol, pindolol, labetolol, metoprolol, atenolol, esmolol, acebutolol, carvedilol, bopindolol, carteolol, oxprenolol, penbutolol, medroxalol, bucindolol, levobutolol, metipranolol, bisoprolol, nebivolol, betaxolol, celiprolol, solralol, and propafenone, among other beta blockers); anticonvulsants (e.g., valproate and topiramate, among other anticonvulsants); methysergide; and/or lithium.