Bob Johnson
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"Only the educated are free." -Epictetus
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Kennett Square, PA (USA)
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Surgical treatments are what I'm seeing in the literature. ================== Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2010 May;3(3):187-195.
Hypothalamic deep brain stimulation in the treatment of chronic cluster headache. Leone M, Franzini A, Cecchini AP, Broggi G, Bussone G.
Headache Centre, Neuromodulation and Neurological Department, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, via Celoria 11, 20133 Milano, Italy.
Abstract Cluster headache (CH) is a short-lasting unilateral headache associated with ipsilateral craniofacial autonomic manifestations. A POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) STUDY HAS SHOWN THAT THE POSTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS IS ACTIVATED DURING CH ATTACKS, SUGGESTING THAT HYPOTHALAMIC HYPERACTIVITY PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN CH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. ON THIS BASIS, STIMULATION OF THE IPSILATERAL POSTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS WAS HYPOTHESIZED TO COUNTERACT SUCH HYPERACTIVITY TO PREVENT INTRACTABLE CH. TEN YEARS AFTER ITS INTRODUCTION, HYPOTHALAMIC STIMULATION HAS BEEN PROVED TO SUCCESSFULLY PREVENT ATTACKS IN MORE THAN 60% OF 58 HYPOTHALAMIC IMPLANTED DRUG-RESISTANT CHRONIC CH PATIENTS. The implantation procedure has generally been proved to be safe, although it carries a small risk of brain haemorrhage. Long-term stimulation is safe, and nonsymptomatic impairment of orthostatic adaptation is the only noteworthy change. Microrecording studies will make it possible to better identify the target site. Neuroimaging investigations have shown that hypothalamic stimulation activates ipsilateral trigeminal complex, but with no immediate perceived sensation within the trigeminal distribution. Other studies on the pain threshold in chronically stimulated patients showed increased threshold for cold pain in the distribution of the first trigeminal branch ipsilateral to stimulation. These studies suggest that activation of the hypothalamus and of the trigeminal system are both necessary, but not sufficient to generate CH attacks. IN ADDITION TO THE HYPOTHALAMUS, OTHER UNKNOWN BRAIN AREAS ARE LIKELY TO PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THIS ILLNESS. HYPOTHALAMUS IMPLANTATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH A SMALL RISK OF INTRACEREBRAL HAEMORRHAGE AND MUST BE PERFORMED BY AN EXPERT NEUROSURGICAL TEAM, IN SELECTED PATIENTS.
PMID: 21179610 [PubMed] ============== Headache. 2008 Sep 9. [Epub ahead of print] Sphenopalatine Ganglion Radiofrequency Ablation for the Management of Chronic Cluster Headache.
Narouze S, Kapural L, Casanova J, Mekhail N.
Cleveland Clinic Foundation-Pain Management Department, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Objectives.- Chronic cluster headache patients are often resistant to pharmacological management. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) was shown before to improve episodic cluster headache but not chronic cluster headache. We were interested to examine the effect of such intervention in patients with intractable chronic cluster headache who failed pharmacological management. Methods.- Fifteen patients with chronic cluster headache, who experienced temporary pain relief following SPG block, underwent percutaneous RFA via the infrazygomatic approach under fluoroscopic guidance. Collected data include demographic variables, onset and duration of the headache, mean attack intensity (MAI), mean attack frequency (MAF), and pain disability index (PDI) before and up to 18 months after procedure. Results.- At 1-, 3-, 6-, 12-, 18-month follow-up, the MAI was 2.6, 3.2, 3.2, 3.4, 4.2, respectively (P < .0001, P < .0001, P < .0001, P < .0005, P < .003, respectively). The PDI improved from 55 (baseline) to 17.2 and 25.6 at 6 and 12 months respectively (P < .001). The MAF improved from 17 attacks/week to 5.4, 6.4, 7.8, 8.6, 8.3 at 1-, 3-, 6-, 12-, 18-month follow-up visits (P < .0001, P < .0001, P < .0001, P < .002, P < .004, respectively). Conclusion.- OUR DATA SHOWED THAT PERCUTANEOUS RFA OF THE SPG IS AN EFFECTIVE MODALITY OF TREATMENT FOR PATIENTS WITH INTRACTABLE CHRONIC CLUSTER HEADACHES. PRECISE NEEDLE PLACEMENT WITH THE USE OF REAL-TIME FLUOROSCOPY AND ELECTRICAL STIMULATION PRIOR TO ATTEMPTING RADIOFREQUENCY LESIONING MAY REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF ADVERSE EVENTS.
PMID: 18783451 [PubMed]- ===== Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2011 Feb;13(1):56-70. MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC CLUSTER HEADACHE. Leone M, Franzini A, Proietti Cecchini A, Mea E, Broggi G, Bussone G. SourcePain Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Headache Center, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute Foundation, Via Celoria 11, 20133, Milano, Italy, leone@istituto-besta.it.
Abstract OPINION STATEMENT: Primary cluster headache (CH) is an excruciatingly severe pain condition. Several pharmacologic agents are available to treat chronic CH, but few double-blind, randomized clinical trials have been conducted on these agents in recent years, and the quality of the evidence supporting their use is often low, particularly for preventive agents. We recommend sumatriptan or oxygen to abort ongoing headaches; the evidence available to support their use is good (Class I). Ergotamine also appears to be an effective abortive agent, on the basis of experience rather than trials. We consider verapamil and lithium to be first-line preventives for chronic CH, although the trial evidence is at best Class II. Steroids are clearly the most effective and quick-acting preventive agents for chronic CH, but long-term steroid use carries a risk of several severe adverse effects. We therefore recommend steroids only if verapamil, lithium, and other preventive agents are ineffective. In rare cases, patients experience multiple daily cluster headaches for years and are also refractory to all medications. These patients almost always develop severe adverse effects from chronic steroid use. Such patients should be considered for neurostimulation. Occipital nerve stimulation is the newest and least invasive neurostimulation technique and should be tried first; the evidence supporting its use is encouraging. Hypothalamic stimulation is more invasive and can be performed only in specialist neurosurgical centers. Published experience suggests that about 60% of patients with chronic CH obtain long-term benefit with hypothalamic stimulation.
PMID:21107766[PubMed] ==== Prog Neurol Surg. 2011;24:126-32. Epub 2011 Mar 21. Peripheral nerve stimulation in chronic cluster headache. Magis D, Schoenen J. SourceHeadache Research Unit, University Department of Neurology, CHR Citadelle, Liège, Belgium.
Abstract Cluster headache is well known as one of the most painful primary neurovascular headache. Since 1% of chronic cluster headache patients become refractory to all existing pharmacological treatments, various invasive and sometimes mutilating procedures have been tempted in the last decades. Recently, neurostimulation methods have raised new hope for drug-resistant chronic cluster headache patients. The main focus of this chapter is on stimulation of the great occipital nerve, which has been the best evaluated peripheral nerve stimulation technique in drug-resistant chronic cluster headache, providing the most convincing results so far. Other peripheral nerve stimulation approaches used for this indication are also reviewed in detail. Although available studies are limited to a relatively small number of patients and placebo-controlled trials are lacking, existent clinical data suggest that occipital nerve stimulation should nonetheless be recommended for intractable chronic cluster headache patients before more invasive deep brain stimulation surgery. More studies are needed to evaluate the usefulness of supraorbital nerve stimulation and of vagus nerve stimulation in management of cluster headaches.
Copyright © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel.
PMID:21422783[PubMed]
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